Characterization of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Foliar Endophytes of Red and Black Spruce
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) is a cyclic pest responsible for widespread defoliation of conifer trees in the Acadian forest.During epidemics, affected forestry areas are vast, making insecticidal protection impractical.Research has shown endophytes produce toxins in planta at effective concentrations that deter spruce budworm herbivory.Red and black spruce endophytes were studied here.Five isocoumarins (1-5) were isolated from Phaeocryptopus cf.gaeumannii, where compound (1) is a new structure.Two new pyrones (6, 7), two phthalides (8, 9), two isocoumarins (10, 11) and tyrosol (12) were isolated from an undescribed Rhytismatales species.Phomopsolides A-C (13-15) were isolated from a newly described fungal endophyte, Diaporthe maritima.Cryptosporiopsin (16), 5-hydroxy cryptosporiopsin (17), cryptosporiopsinol (18) and mellein (19) were produced by Pezicula sporulosa.A majority of these compounds possessed antibacterial (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) and/or antifungal activity (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Microbotryum violaceum).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".