Geothermal energy resource potential of Canada
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada has enormous geothermal energy resources that could supply a renewable and clean source of power. There are many constraints, however, in utilizing this energy resource, including geological, technical, and regulatory issues. The intent of this report is to examine the geothermal potential in Canada, and the geological controls on the distribution of high grade resources as well as controls on the economic development and production of geothermal energy. This assessment is based on a new compilation and digitization of data produced through over 48 years of geothermal research in Canada. Recommendations on current and future research needs to reduce barriers to resource production are made at the end of the report. Currently Canada has no geothermal electrical production; however, direct use and heat exchange systems are used widely. Several projects are currently being examined by industry and government to develop electrical potential in Canada. A key economic constraint for these projects is the high risk of exploration due to costs of deep drilling. The cost of delivered geothermal power is projected to decline and be competitive with coal fired production within the next 15 years, given current levels of technology. Canada's in-place geothermal power exceeds one million times Canada's current electrical consumption (Fig. 1). However, only a fraction of this total potential could be developed. Much of the resource lies beyond current drilling technology, outside of areas served by high-capacity transmission lines, and at some distance from load centres. Nonetheless, the available high grade geothermal resource is considerable. High temperature hydrothermal systems can be brought on line with proven technology. Many of the tools required to bring geothermal energy to full realization, however, are not commercially proven to date and require further research and technology development. We can expect a strong learning curve and price response as geothermal energy is developed while other energy sources such as coal and nuclear will begin to see fleet and capacity retirements.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it