A Low-cost Light-weight 3D-printed Choke Ring for Multipath Mitigation for GNSS Antennas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A low-cost light-weight 3D-printed copper coated choke ring is presented and experimentally demonstrated to have similar performance to a fully metallic choke ring. The conventional metallic choke ring is the standard ground plane used in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) reference antennas to reject multipath signals. While the choke ring greatly enhances the performance of the antenna, it has the disadvantage of being heavy, bulky, and expensive. One method to reduce the weight and cost of the choke ring, while maintaining the same performance as the metallic structure, is to build the structure using a low-cost, light-weight dielectric material and coating the outside with an electric conductor. In this paper, a prototype of a novel 3D-printed choke ring made from polylactic acid (PLA) plastic and coated with copper tape is fabricated and tested. The novel choke ring is demonstrated to have the same performance as an otherwise heavy and expensive metallic choke ring.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".