A Pre-Skewed Bi-Directional Gated Delay Line Bang-Bang Frequency Detector with Applications in 10 Gbps Serial Link Frequency-Locking
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a pre-skewed bi-directional gated delay line (BDGDL) bang-bang frequency detector (BBFD) with applications in frequency-locking of 10 Gbps (giga-bits-persecond) serial links. Bang-bang frequency detection is performed using a pair of BDGDLs that digitize the logic-1 pulse of receiver oscillator and a reference clock. A redundant successive approximation register (SAR) driven by the output of the BBFD is used to generate the frequency control word (FCW) of the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) of the receiver. A frequency detection decision can be made in only 4 cycles of the reference clock. The frequency error of the ADFLL utilizing the proposed BBFD is analyzed. The ADFLL is designed in a TSMC 65 nm 1.2 V CMOS and tested with a 5 GHz reference clock. Simulation results show the ADFLL achieves frequency lock in less than 10 ns with the maximum frequency error in the lock state is within the frequency error boundaries of the BBFD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".