All-Digital ∆Σ TDC with Current-Starved Bi-Directional Gated Delay Line Time Integrator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an all-digital 1st-order 1-bit △Σ time-to-digital converter (TDC) with a differential current-starved bi-directional gated delay line (CS-BDGDL) time integrator with built-in quantization. Current-starved gated delay cells are used to improve the linearity of the time integrator subsequently the SNDR of the TDC. Differential time integration is performed by simultaneously issuing right-shift and left-shift commands to the CS-BDGDL so as to minimize integration time. The error caused by current mismatch between NMOS and PMOS transistors of gated delay cells is eliminated using a digital comparator. Design methodologies for process uncertainty are explored. The TDC is designed in an IBM 130 nm 1.2 V CMOS technology and analyzed using Spectre from Cadence Design Systems with BSIM4 device models. Simulation results show that the figure-of-merit (FOM) of the proposed all-digital TDC outperforms that of all reported TDCs alike.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".