Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>‐Polyacrylamide Electrolytes and Enabled Solid‐State Electrochemical Capacitors
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A highly ionic‐conductive and high‐performance neutral pH polymer electrolyte comprises of Na 2 SO 4 and polyacrylamide (PAM) was developed for solid electrochemical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs). Na 2 SO 4 was compared with Li 2 SO 4 baseline in liquid electrolyte and exhibited higher ionic conductivity and identical stability window. Na 2 SO 4 −PAM electrolytes were optimized by varying their salt‐to‐polymer ratio. While all compositions show excellent stability for over 30‐day tracking period, an ionic conductivity of ca. 30 mS cm −1 was attained at 10,000 : 1 molar ratio of Na 2 SO 4 :PAM, among the highest reported for neutral pH polymer electrolytes. Raman spectroscopy verified that the electrolyte maintained well‐hydrated ions throughout the 30 days monitoring period. Solid EDLCs were constructed using activated carbon electrodes and Na 2 SO 4 −PAM electrolyte. They exhibited a wide 1.9 V operating window at 50 mV s −1 CV scan rate, with comparable capacitance to its liquid baseline. The solid EDLCs outperformed many symmetric devices in terms of energy and power densities. They also displayed good rate capability (up to 500 mV s −1 ) and excellent cycle life (>8,000 cycles).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it