Characterization of hard scale formed in the kraft mill green liquor processing equipment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Scaling, the formation of hard deposits, in green liquor handling systems is a persistent problem in many kraft pulp mills. Scaling is commonly believed to be a result of pirssonite (Na2CO3·CaCO3·2H2O) formation when the green liquor total titrateable alkali (TTA) is high. In this study, we characterized 12 scale samples obtained from 10 kraft pulp mills using various analytical methods, including TGA/DSC (thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry), XRF (X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), XRD (X-ray diffraction spectrometry), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), and EMPA (electron microprobe analyzer). The analysis identified only four of these samples as pirssonite; the remaining consisted mostly of calcite (CaCO3). The reason for the predominant presence of calcite in the majority of the scale samples is not known. It may be a result of selective dissolution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) from the pirssonite scale during the time when the green liquor total TTA was low, leaving the insoluble CaCO3 behind.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".