Potential technical hazards associated with four North American carbon capture and sequestration projects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) risks depend upon the site geology, potential CO2-caprock reactions, anthropogenic pathways (legacy wellbores), and well construction and operation. Herein, we assess the major risks, termed 'georisks', acknowledging that quantitative description must be site-specific, although pathway impact generalisations are possible. We discuss geological and pathway issues to guide general site selection practices to reduce georisks. Events that trigger hazards and the consequences are presented for leakage, low storage capacity/injectivity, the release of hazardous gases and materials, surface uplift, and Induced seismicity. A supplementary literature-sourced hazard tabulation was developed with focus on four large-scale North American CCS projects (Quest Project, Weyburn Project, Project Pioneer and FutureGen). Each hazard is classified based on the project phase and trigger activity. The risks of CO2, brine, or other fluid leakage through wells (injection, monitoring, decommissioned legacy wells) remain uncertain, but legacy well gas leakage is common, rather than exceptional, despite modern cementing and completion practices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".