THE LONG ARMS OF CHILDHOOD INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION ON TERMINAL DECLINE: EVIDENCE FROM LOTHIAN BIRTH COHORT 1921
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We investigated the heterogeneity of cognitive trajectories at the end of life by assigning individuals into groups according to their cognitive trajectories prior to death. Data were from the Lothian Birth Cohort of 1921. Growth mixture modelling was employed to identify groups of individuals with similar trajectories on the Mini-Mental State Examination in relation to time to death, accounting for childhood intelligence, education, hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Two distinct groups of individuals (classes) were identified: a smaller class (18%) of individuals whose MMSE scores dropped linearly with about 0.5 points per year, and a larger group (82%) with stable scores across the study period. Childhood intelligence was associated with an increased probability of belonging to the stable class of cognitive functioning prior to death. These findings support a protective role of childhood intelligence, a marker of cognitive reserve, against the loss of cognitive function prior to death.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".