A first investigation of groundwater geochemistry in the crystalline bedrock around Lake Saint-Jean, Quebec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purposes of this study of groundwaters in the Precambrian bedrock of the Saguenay-Lake-Saint-Jean region are to identify occurrences of mineralised groundwater, to evaluate hydrogeochemical variations, to correlate geology with groundwater geochemistry, and to propose hydrogeochemical models. A total of 46 wells were sampled either once, twice or three times. Samples were analysed for major and minor inorganic components and stable isotopes (2H and 18O). The results show a strong variability of in situ measured parameters, but also of some of the laboratory-analyzed components. Three main groundwater types are found in the study area: Na-Ca-HCO3, Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3-SO4, and Na-Ca-Cl. Lower concentration in Ca and higher concentration in Na seem to characterize a marine clay environment. Most of the samples show higher concentration in bromide than sea water. Isotope results show a trend that is similar to saline waters observed elsewhere in than Canadian Shield. \n \nLes buts de cette étude des eaux souterraines dans le socle précambrien de la région du Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean sont \nd’identifier des secteurs présentant des eaux souterraines minéralisées, d’évaluer les variations hydrogéochimiques, de corréler la géologie et la géochimie, ainsi que de proposer des modèles explicatifs. Au total, 46 puits ont été échantillonnés de une à trois fois. Les échantillons ont été analysés pour les composantes inorganiques majeures, mineures et traces, et pour les isotopes stables 2H et 18O. Les résultats montrent une forte variabilité de certains paramètres mesurés in situ et en laboratoire. Trois types d’eau sont identifiés: Na-Ca-HCO3, Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3-SO4, et Na-Ca-Cl. Une teneur faible en Ca et élevée en Na semble caractéristique des environnements d’argile marine. La majorité des échantillons montre une concentration plus élevée en bromure que l’eau de mer. L’étude isotopique révèle une évolution semblable aux eaux salines observées ailleurs dans le Bouclier Canadien.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".