Bisphenol S rapidly depresses heart function through estrogen receptor-β and decreases phospholamban phosphorylation in a sex-dependent manner
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The health effects of the endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A (BPA) led to its partial replacement with Bisphenol S (BPS) in several products including food containers, toys, and thermal paper receipts. The acute effects of BPS on myocardial contractility are unknown. We perfused mouse hearts from both sexes for 15 min with physiologically relevant doses of BPS or BPA. In females BPS (1 nM) decreased left ventricular systolic pressure by 5 min, whereas BPA (1 nM) effects were delayed to 10 min. BPS effects in male mice were attenuated. In both sexes ER-β antagonism abolished the effects of BPS. Cardiac myofilament function was not impacted by BPS or BPA in either sex, although there were sex-dependent differences in troponin I phosphorylation. BPS increased phospholamban phosphorylation at S16 only in female hearts, whereas BPA reduced phosphorylation in both sexes. BPA decreased phospholamban phosphorylation at T17 in both sexes while BPS caused dephosphorylation only in females. This is the first study to compare sex differences in the acute myocardial response to physiologically relevant levels of BPS and BPA, and demonstrates a rapid ability of both to depress heart function. This study raises concerns about the safety of BPS as a replacement for BPA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".