Antenna Array Gain and Capacity Improvements of Ultra-Wideband Millimeter Wave Systems Using a Novel Analog Architecture Design
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this letter, we address the issue of beam-squinting encountered in ultra-wideband millimeter wave mobile communication systems. First, the beam-squinting effects on the antenna array gain and the usable bandwidth of these systems are analyzed. The obtained results show that, in ultra-wideband communication systems, beam-squinting causes loss in array gain and limits the achievable capacity. To mitigate these effects, a new analog architecture design, that improves the array gain and the achievable capacity, is proposed. The proposed architecture is most suitable for delay-sensitive or computational power constrained applications and does not require the computation of any compensation matrix in the digital domain. In addition, the exact expression for the array gain of the proposed analog architecture is derived. To further simplify the evaluation of the system performance, an approximated closed-form expression for the array gain is derived. Furthermore, to evaluate the performance of the proposed design, rigorous numerical results concerning different system parameters are provided in this letter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".