Identifying Cancer-Specific circRNA–RBP Binding Sites Based on Deep Learning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are extensively expressed in cells and tissues, and play crucial roles in human diseases and biological processes. Recent studies have reported that circRNAs could function as RNA binding protein (RBP) sponges, meanwhile RBPs can also be involved in back-splicing. The interaction with RBPs is also considered an important factor for investigating the function of circRNAs. Hence, it is necessary to understand the interaction mechanisms of circRNAs and RBPs, especially in human cancers. Here, we present a novel method based on deep learning to identify cancer-specific circRNA-RBP binding sites (CSCRSites), only using the nucleotide sequences as the input. In CSCRSites, an architecture with multiple convolution layers is utilized to detect the features of the raw circRNA sequence fragments, and further identify the binding sites through a fully connected layer with the softmax output. The experimental results show that CSCRSites outperform the conventional machine learning classifiers and some representative deep learning methods on the benchmark data. In addition, the features learnt by CSCRSites are converted to sequence motifs, some of which can match to human known RNA motifs involved in human diseases, especially cancer. Therefore, as a deep learning-based tool, CSCRSites could significantly contribute to the function analysis of cancer-associated circRNAs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".