Breathing Rate Complexity Features for “In-the-Wild” Stress and Anxiety Measurement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Features extracted from respiratory activity signals have been shown to carry information about mental states such as anxiety and mental stress. Such findings, however, are based on studies conducted mostly in controlled laboratory environments with artificially-induced psychological responses. While this assures that high quality data are collected, the amount of data is limited and the transferability of the findings to more ecologically-appropriate natural settings (i.e., “in-the-wild”) remains unknown. In this paper, we propose new non-linear complexity measures computed from four different respiration activity time series (i.e., inter-breath interval, inhale-to-exhale ratio, inhale/exhale amplitude envelope, and interbreath difference) and show their discriminatory power for anxiety and stress monitoring in the workplace. The new features are tested on a dataset collected from 200 hospital workers (nurses and staff) during their normal work shifts. The proposed features are shown to be complementary to conventional measures of breathing rate and depth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".