MASIH TERBUKANYA PELUANG PENELITIAN PROSES CARON UNTUK MENGOLAH LATERIT KADAR RENDAH DI INDONESIA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Indonesia memiliki cadangan nikel pada peringkat dua dunia. Cadangan tersebut berupa bijih nikel oksida yang lazim disebut laterit, berada di Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI) terutama di Sulawesi Tenggara dan Halmahera. Adapun laterit terdiri dari limonit berkadar Ni 1,5 %. Laterit kadar tinggi saprolit berkadar Ni>1,8 % sudah diolah di Sulawesi Tenggara dengan jalur pyrometalurgi oleh PT Antam (Aneka Tambang) untuk memproduksi FeNi (ferro nikel) di Pomalaa, dan PT INCO Canada untuk memproduksi nikel mattte (Ni-matte) di Soroako. Laterit kadar rendah yang terdiri dari limonit dan saprolit dengan kandungan Ni 6 % atau MgO > 10 %) diolah dengan proses Caron. Dalam perkembangannya setelah tahun 1990-an, proses Caron mulai ditinggalkan karena mengkonsumsi energi tinggi dengan perolehan yang rendah untuk nikel (Ni : 70 – 80 %) maupun kobal (Co maks 50 %). Selanjutnya beralih ke proses HPAL karena proses ini mengkonsumsi energi rendah dengan perolehan tinggi untuk nikel (Ni > 90%) maupun kobal (Co > 90 %). Dengan melihat kenyataan kegagalan tiga HPAL plant generasi kedua di Australia (Bulong tutup 2003, Cawse tutup 2008, dan Murrin Murrin berpindah kepemilikan ke Minara pada 2003/2004 dan beralih ke heap leach tahun 2007). Serta masih berlangsungnya Caron plant di Cuba (Nicaro dan Punta Gorda), Queensland Nickel di Yabulu Australia, dan Tocantin Brasilia. Maka proses Caron masih punya peluang untuk mengolah laterit kadar rendah di Indonesia. Peluang tersebut semakin terbuka apabila perolehan metal (recovery Ni dan Co) pada proses Caron bisa ditingkatkan setara dengan perolehan metal (recovery Ni dan Co) pada proses HPAL, dan ekonomis konsumsi energinya. Abstract Indonesia had the resources of nickel at the second in the world. The resources are nickel oxide which said laterite. The abundant of laterite locate at Sulawesi Tenggara (South-East Sulawesi) and Halmahera. There are two main mineral in laterite, limonit contains Ni 1,5%. The high grade nickel saprolit contains Ni>1,8% has been processed in Sulawesi Tenggara to produce FeNi (ferro nickel) in Pomalaa by PT Antam, and to produce Ni-matte (nickel matte) in Sorowako by PT INCO Canada. The low grade laterite (limonit and saprolit contains Ni 90 % and Co > 90 %). The fact three HPAL plant in Australia unsuccessful (Bulong closed on 2003, Cawse closed on 2008, and Murrin Murrin taked over by Minara and change to heap leach on 2007) and the Caron plant still exist in Cuba (Nicaro and Punta Gorda), Queensland Nickel di Australia, and Tocantin Brasilia. Then Caron’s process still have opportunity to process the low grade laterite in Indonesia if the recovery of metal can be increase as same as HPAL and the consume of energy can be decreased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".