Altered putamen and cerebellum connectivity among different subtypes of Parkinson's disease
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Impairment of basal ganglia (BG)-thalamo-cortical circuit causes various symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). We investigated the functional connectivity (FC) patterns of putamen among PD subtypes and healthy control (HC) and explored their clinical significance. METHODS: A total of 16 patients with tremor-dominant (TD) PD, 23 patients with postural instability and gait difficulty-dominant (PIGD) PD, and 31 HC that underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging were observed. Voxel-wise FC analysis was performed by computing correlation between bilateral putamen and other voxels within the brain. Correlation analysis was performed between FC strength and clinical symptoms. RESULTS: Compared with PIGD group, TD group showed increased FC between left putamen and right cerebellum lobule VI and cerebellum crus I, then we compared the cerebellum FC difference among the three groups. The cerebellum lobule VI FC difference was mainly involved in motor related cortex, and the cerebellum crus I FC difference was related to cognition areas. While compared with HC, TD and PIGD groups both had significant FC difference brain areas correlated with motor and cognition symptoms. The connectively of putamen and right cerebellum lobules VI and I showed positive correlation with tremor and Montreal Cognitive Assessment degree of scores, respectively. The connectivity of putamen and sensorimotor cortex had negative correlation with PIGD scores. CONCLUSIONS: The altered connectivity of BG-cortical circuit in patients with PD was related to PIGD symptoms. Motor and cognitive impairments declined slower in patients with TD PD, which may be related to increased functional connectivity between putamen and cerebellum.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it