Effect of KNO<sub>3</sub> on Lipid Synthesis and CaCO<sub>3</sub> Accumulation in <i>Pleurochrysis dentata</i> Coccoliths with a Special Focus on Morphological Characters of Coccolithophores
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pleurochrysis genus algae are widely distributed in ocean waters.Pleurochrysis sp.algae are popularly known for its coccolithophores.Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells are major components of the coccolithophore, and they are key absorbers of carbondioxide.In this study, we have reported the effects of potassium nitrate (KNO3) concentration on calcium accumulation and total lipid, carbohydrate and protein contents of Pleurochrysis dentata.Results obtained from complexometric titration and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed higher rates of CaCO3 accumulation on Pleurochrysis dentata cell surface.We have also observed that overall cell size of Pleurochrysis dentata reached maximum when it was cultured at 0.75 mmol L -1 of KNO3.During 10 days of Pleurochrysis dentata culture total lipids and carbohydrate contents decreased, with slightly increased protein content.Results obtained from Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) also reported an increase in protein and decrease in lipids and carbohydrate contents, respectively.Similarly, Pleurochrysis dentata cultured at 1 mmol L -1 concentration of KNO3 exhibited the lowest carbohydrate (21.08%) and highest protein (32.87%) contents.Interestingly, Pleurochrysis dentata cultured without KNO3 exhibited 33.61% of total lipid content which reduced to a total lipid content of 13.67% when cultured at 1 mmol L -1 concentration of KNO3.Thus, culture medium containing higher than 1 mmol L -1 of KNO3 could inhibit the cell size of Pleurochrysis dentata and CaCO3 accumulation in shells but it could promote its cell growth.For the first time we have reported a relatively complete coccolith structure devoid of its protoplast.In this study, we have also described about the special planar structure of Pleurochrysis dentata CaCO3 shells present on its inner tube of the R unit and parallel to the outer tube of the V unit which we named it as "doornail structure".We believe that this doornail structure provides structural stability and support to the developing coccoliths in Pleurochrysis dentata.Also, we have discussed about the "double-disc" structure of coccoliths which are closely arranged and interlocked with each other.The double-disc structure ensures fixation of each coccolith and objecting its free horizontal movement and helps in attaining a complementary coccolith structure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".