Biblical Parallels in Political Rhetoric: A Case Study of Writings by Ukrainian Hetmans, Their Entourages, and Contemporaries (1640s-70s)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper explores ideology in seventeenth-century Cossack Ukraine by analyzing the use of religious motifs in political rhetoric from the late 1640s to the late 1670s — a time offoreign invasions and internal power struggles. Based upon the premise that the major factor affecting the incorporation of religious motifs into secular political discourse was the general religiousness of public and private life during that period, this paper investigates how and for what purposes specific biblical motifs were employed. Religious motifs were used for political purposes by various parties, all of whom belonged to the same cultural-religious space or were familiar with Bible narratives. Agendas and approaches, however, varied. The educated clergy and laity used more developed motifs in a more eloquent presentation, aimed at other educated clergy and laity as their main audiences. In contrast, manifestos with less elaborate use of biblical references and religious motifs issued to the general public, as well as letters by some Cossack officers, served utilitarian propaganda purposes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".