Study of the piezoionic effect and influence of electrolyte in conducting polymer based soft strain sensors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Electronic conducting polymers (ECP) have been widely studied in a tri-layer configuration as soft, bending actuators. These electroactive materials have also been reported to behave as mechanical strain sensors able to convert mechanical stimulation into electrical signals. This sensing behavior is attributed to the so-called piezoionic effect and is observed and reported in most ionic electroactive polymers (EAPs). However, ambiguities remain on the origin of this effect, being attributed either to stress gradient induced ion motion or to Donnan potentials arising at the ECP/electrolyte interface. In this work, the sensor mechanism of trilayer ECP actuators is studied and discussed as a function of different physical and chemical parameters thanks to the versatile synthesis of conducting interpenetrating polymer networks. Results demonstrate that the main mechanism relies on stress gradient, as in other ionic EAPs, instead of Donnan potential. Moreover, a deep investigation of the electrolyte nature and its concentration is performed. Mobile ions deduced from actuation experiments are correlated with the sign of voltage output during sensing experiments. An interesting inversion point is demonstrated at a concentration of 2.5 M of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide in propylene carbonate where simultaneous charge compensation (no sensing) and volume compensation (no actuation) occur for mobile cations and anions, while electrochemical behavior remains unchanged.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".