Determination of GPS Session Duration in Ground Deformation Surveys in Mining Areas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extraction of underground minerals causes subsidence of the ground surface due to gravitational forces. The subsidence rate depends on the type of extracted ore, as well as its shape, thickness, and depth. Additionally, the embedding and overburden rock properties influence the time needed for the deformations to reach the surface. Using the results of geodetic deformation monitoring, which supply the information on pattern and magnitude of surface deformation, the performance of the mine may be evaluated. The monitoring can supply information on the actual rock mass behaviour during the operation and in many cases during the years after the mining operations have ceased. Geodetic methods of deformation monitoring supply information on the absolute and relative displacements (changes in position in a selected coordinate system) from which displacement and strain fields for the monitored object may be derived. Thus, geodetic measurements provide global information on absolute and relative displacements over large areas, either at discrete points or continuous in the space domain. The geodetic methods are affected by errors caused by atmospheric refraction and delay of electromagnetic signal. Since geodetic measurements allow for redundancy and statistical evaluation of the quality of the data, they generally provide reliable results. Usually, the designed accuracy of deformation measurements should allow for the detection of at least one third of the expected maximum deformations over the desired time span at the 95% probability level. In ground subsidence studies in mining areas, 10 mm accuracy at 95% level in both vertical and horizontal displacements is typically required. In the case of salt mines, the process of ground subsidence in viscous rock is slow; therefore, subsidence monitoring surveys may be performed once a year. In subsidence determination, two techniques are commonly used: leveling and satellite positioning. The satellite positioning technique is used to determine the 3D (horizontal coordinates and height) or 2D position of monitored points (only horizontal coordinates). When comparing the heights determined from satellite and leveling surveys, it has to be noted that the leveling heights are referred with respect to the geoid (orthometric heights), while heights determined from satellite surveys are referred with respect to the ellipsoid (ellipsoidal height). In the case of satellite surveys, the accuracy of horizontal position is typically 2–3 times better than vertical. The analysis of the optimal session duration lead to the conclusion that in order to achieve the sub-cm accuracy of horizontal coordinates at 95% confidence level, the satellite positioning session length using Global Positioning System (GPS) should be at least three hours long. In order to achieve the sub-cm accuracy of height coordinate at 95% confidence level in a single observation session, the GPS session length should be at least twelve hours long.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".