Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses using tunneling ionization in the UV, visible, and mid-IR ranges
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To generalize the applicability of the temporal characterization technique called "tunneling ionization with a perturbation for the time-domain observation of an electric field" (TIPTOE), the technique is examined in the multicycle regime over a broad wavelength range, from the UV to the IR range. The technique is rigorously analyzed first by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. Then, experimental verification is demonstrated over an almost 5-octave wavelength range at 266, 1800, 4000 and 8000 nm by utilizing the same nonlinear medium - air. The experimentally obtained dispersion values of the materials used for the dispersion control show very good agreement with the ones calculated using the material dispersion data and the pulse duration results obtained for 1800 and 4000 nm agree well with the frequency-resolved optical gating measurements. The universality of TIPTOE arises from its phase-matching-free nature and its unprecedented broadband operation range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".