BEREA SANDSTONE: A HERITAGE STONE QUARRIED FOR MORE THAN 200 YEARS IN OHIO, USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Berea sandstone, quarried for more than 200 years in Ohio, has historically been one of the most widely used sandstones in North America. Early on, its use was international, as the stone was used as dimension stone in both the United States and Canada. A number of important buildings have been built with it, including the Michigan State Capital and Pittsburgh's Carnegie Building, as well as parts of Parliament buildings in Canada. Many buildings constructed with Berea sandstone are now included in the U.S. National Register of Historic Places or the Canadian Register of Historic Places. Grindstones made of the sandstone were shipped throughout North America, as well as to South America, Europe, and Asia. The stone was used for other products as well, including millstones, sidewalks, and curbstones. Berea sandstone is also one of the most studied stones in the world by geologists and others as it has become a standard for sandstone analysis. Berea sandstone is celebrated at a number of Ohio locations, notably the northern Ohio localities of Berea in Cuyahoga County and the Amherst area in Lorain County, which have been the most important historic sources of this stone. Many older Berea quarries in Ohio are now located in parks and there is a growing body of literature noting this stone in the popular literature. Berea sandstone has been known by a number of different geological and commercial names such as Berea grit, Amherst stone, and Berea Sandstone (the lattermost a formal rock-unit name). This complicates its identification using historic sources. The stone quarried in the major northern Ohio quarries, as well as many other quarries, however, is quite homogeneous, so can be identified by its grain size and other factors. For the above reasons, this stone would make a good candidate as a formal Global Heritage Stone Resource, joining the few other North American sandstones formally recognized (Jacobsville Sandstone) or recommended (Seneca sandstone) as Global Heritage Stone Resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.089 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".