Extremum Seeking Control for Discrete-Time with Quantized and Saturated Actuators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes an extremum-seeking controller (ESC) design for a class of discrete-time nonlinear control systems subject to input constraints or quantized inputs. The proposed method implements a proportional-integral ESC design along with a discrete-time anti-windup mechanism. The anti-windup enforces input saturation while preserving the input dither signal. The technique incorporates a mechanism for adjusting the amplitude of the extremum seeking control dither signal. This mechanism ensures that any violation of constraints due to the dither signal is removed while maintaining the probing signal active. An amplitude update routine is also proposed. The amplitude update is coupled with a saturation bias estimation algorithm that correctly accounts for the inherent bias associated with systems operated at or near saturation conditions. The amplitude update is designed to remove the dither signal when the system approaches the optimum. It also ensures that a lower bound of the amplitude is enforced to guarantee that excitation conditions are maintained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".