The Susceptibility of Copper to Pitting Corrosion in Borate-Buffered Aqueous Solutions Containing Chloride and Sulfide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The formation of sulfide and oxide films on copper (Cu) was studied in chloride solutions with and without added borate and sulfide. Electrochemical experiments demonstrated that Cu sulfide (Cu2S) films formed at considerably lower potentials than oxides (Cu2O/CuO) films. The growth of Cu2S was controlled by a combination of sulfide transport to the reacting Cu surface and the competition between SH− and Cl− ions for adsorption sites on the Cu surface. Scanning electron microscopy on focused ion-beam cut cross sections demonstrated that the films were porous and not passive. At more positive potentials, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that the formation of oxide films, likely with the formation of a passive oxide film, dominated over anodic dissolution of Cu as CuI chloride complexes when the borate to chloride concentration ratio was sufficiently high. If pitting is to occur on Cu, it will require oxide not sulfide film growth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".