<i>En bloc</i> preparation of <i>Drosophila</i> brains enables high-throughput FIB-SEM connectomics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Deriving the detailed synaptic connections of the entire nervous system has been a long term but unrealized goal of the nascent field of connectomics. For Drosophila , in particular, three sample preparation problems must be solved before the requisite imaging and analysis can even begin. The first is dissecting the brain, connectives, and ventral nerve cord (roughly comparable to the brain, neck, and spinal cord of vertebrates) as a single contiguous unit. Second is fixing and staining the resulting specimen, too large for previous techniques such as flash freezing, so as to permit the necessary automated segmentation of neuron membranes. Finally the contrast must be sufficient to support synapse detection at imaging speeds that enable the entire connectome to be collected. To address these issues, we report three major novel methods to dissect, fix, dehydrate and stain this tiny but complex nervous system in its entirety; together they enable us to uncover a Focused Ion-Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) connectome of the entire Drosophila brain. They reliably recover fixed neurons as round profiles with darkly stained synapses, suitable for machine segmentation and automatic synapse detection, for which only minimal human intervention is required. Our advanced procedures use: a custom-made jig to microdissect both regions of the central nervous system, dorsal and ventral, with their connectives; fixation and Durcupan embedment, followed by a special hot-knife slicing protocol to reduce the brain to dimensions suited to FIB; contrast enhancement by heavy metals; together with a progressive lowering of temperature protocol for dehydration. Collectively these optimize the brain’s morphological preservation, imaging it at a usual resolution of 8nm per voxel while simultaneously speeding the formerly slow rate of FIB-SEM. With these methods we could recently obtain a FIB-SEM image stack of the Drosophila brain eight times faster than hitherto, at approximately the same rate as, but without the requirement to cut, nor imperfections in, EM serial sections.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".