Salivary Scavenger and Agglutinin (SALSA) Is Expressed in Mucosal Epithelial Cells and Decreased in Bronchial Epithelium of Asthmatic Horses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Salivary Scavenger and Agglutinin (SALSA) protein is an innate immune protein with various alleged functions, including the regulation of inflammation and tissue remodeling. Transcriptomic studies of severe equine asthma showed downregulation of the gene encoding SALSA in bronchial epithelium of asthmatic compared to non-asthmatic horses. This study aimed to characterize expression of SALSA in equine tissues by immunohistochemistry, corroborate potential differences in epithelial gene expression between asthmatic and non-asthmatic horses, and assess the structure of equine SALSA. An antibody against SALSA was validated through immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry and Western blotting to recognize the equine protein. This antibody was applied to tissue microarrays containing 22 tissues each from four horses. A quantitative PCR assay was designed to compare gene expression for SALSA between six asthmatic and six non-asthmatic horses, before and after an asthmatic challenge, using cDNA from endoscopic bronchial biopsies as source material. The SALSA gene from bronchial cDNA samples of ten horses, was amplified and sequenced, and translated to characterize the protein structure. Immunostaining for SALSA was detected in the mucosal surfaces of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, stomach, small intestine and bladder, in pancreatic and salivary gland ducts, and in uterine gland epithelium. Staining was strongest in the duodenum, and the intercalated ducts and Demilune cells of the salivary gland. SALSA was concentrated in the apical regions of the epithelial cell cytoplasm, suggestive of a secreted protein. Gene expression was significantly lower (p = 0.031) in asthmatic compared to non-asthmatic horses. Equine SALSA consisted of three to five scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains, two CUB (C1r/C1s, uegf, bmp-1) domains and one Zona Pellucida domain. These domains mediate the binding of ligands involved in innate immunity. Varying numbers of SRCR domains were identified in different horses, indicating different isoforms. In summary, equine SALSA has a predilection for mucosal sites, has multiple isoforms, and has decreased expression in asthmatic horses, suggesting alterations in innate immunity in equine asthma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".