Measuring the Effectiveness of Metal Weld Overlay Repairs Through Bulge Depth and Bulge Sharpness Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Weld overlay is a repair method that has been used over the last 10 years to limit the growth of bulges and to extend the remaining life of delayed coking drums. Different refinery operators have used varied approaches, ranging from localized patches on specific regions of concern, to bands along circumferential welds, to large sections of structural repair that completely cover a bulged area. The authors have observed the evolution of regions repaired with internal weld overlay on 18 drums over periods of 5 and 8 years. A comparison of bulge sharpness and bulge depth on a year-over-year basis is presented to measure the effectiveness of metal weld overlay and how the overlay impacts continued distortion of the vessel. Furthermore, factors such as the taper ratio in the transition zones, and the distance between the peak of a bulged area and the edges of the weld overlay, are presented as key parameters that affect the likelihood of cracks developing along the transition zones at the upper and lower edges of the repair.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".