Removal of Viscoplastic Gels From Conduits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract There exist many industrial processes in which it is necessary to remove a gelled material from a duct. Some examples include mud removal in oil and gas well cementing, waxy crude oil pipeline restarts, and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Here, the dynamics of the removal of a viscoplastic fluid by a Newtonian fluid are investigated experimentally in an inclined pipe. We focus on both miscible and immiscible fluids mimicking wells drilled using water-based as well as oil-based mud. Under the miscible limit two major flow regimes, namely center-type and slump-type, are observed depending on the density difference between fluids. These flows are explored in great details through displacement front speed measurement which is inversely related to the efficiency of removal process. Displacement flows in the immiscible limit are accompanied by interfacial instability, gel fracture, and droplet formation. These flows are quantified through flow visualisation and spatiotemporal diagrams of fluids concentration. The findings of our study can help improve well cementing operations worldwide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".