Globular Cluster Systems and X-Ray Atmospheres in Galaxies*
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We compare the empirical relationships between the mass of a galaxy’s globular cluster system (GCS) M GCS, the gas mass in the hot X-ray atmosphere M X within a fiducial radius of 5r e , the total gravitational mass M grav within 5r e , and lastly the total halo mass M h calibrated from weak lensing. We use a sample of 45 early-type galaxies for which both GCS and X-ray data are available; all the galaxies in our sample are relatively high-mass with M h > 1012 M ⊙. We find that , similar to the previously known scaling relation . Both components scale much more steeply than the more well known dependence of total stellar mass for luminous galaxies. These results strengthen previous suggestions that feedback had little effect on formation of the GCS. The current data are also used to measure the relative mass fractions of baryonic matter and dark matter within 5r e . We find a strikingly uniform mean of with few outliers and an rms scatter of ±0.07. This result is in good agreement with two recent suites of hydrodynamic galaxy formation models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".