Osler Centenary Papers: Osler: the towering genius who disdained a beaten path
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sir William Osler, born on 12th July 1849 and died on 29th December 1919, is often called the ‘Father of Modern Medicine’. Born and raised in Canada, he graduated from McGill University and took up important posts in Philadelphia, Baltimore and Oxford. He left his mark on all these places and so in the centenary of this death, he is commemorated widely for his legacy to the practice of medicine and the training of medical doctors. The Postgraduate Medical Journal is proud to dedicate the current issue to the memory of the great man. No less than Harvey Cushing, the Father of Neurosurgery who first described Cushing’s disease, wrote a three-volume biography of Osler that won a Pulitzer Prize. I would, therefore, not endeavour to describe his life. Nevertheless, I can’t resist pointing out that he had studied with Rudolf Virchow, the Father of Modern Pathology, who kindled his interest in the mechanisms of diseases and the studying such mechanisms in animals.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".