Practical Considerations in the Design of Distribution State Estimation Techniques
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Distribution state estimation is crucial for planning and operation of active distribution networks. This paper extends two state-of-the-art state estimation techniques, namely Weighted Least Squares (WLS) and Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF), to unbalanced three-phase distribution networks. These networks are assumed to be equipped with smart meters and distribution- level phasor measurement units (D-PMUs), which are capable of measuring voltage and current phasors. We evaluate the two state estimation methods through extensive simulations in realistic settings where the secondary (low voltage) distribution system is accurately modelled, D-PMUs are installed only at a small number of buses in the primary system, and their measurements are noisy and become available for state estimation after a certain delay. Our results indicate that both methods achieve a sufficiently low error despite the small number of installed D-PMUs, and while EnKF outperforms WLS in some scenarios, the difference between the results gets smaller with more accurate D-PMU measurements. When both voltage and current phasor measurements are available, WLS yields more accurate results under realistic assumptions and is therefore more suitable for real-world applications.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".