Water Resources and Sub-Saharan African Economy: Anthropogenic Climate Change, Wastewater, and Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies have shown that there exists serious competition for freshwater for domestic uses and for the sustenance of agricultural activities in Nigeria. Based on this competition, this study seeks to interrogate how wastewater could be harnessed for development of agriculture in Nigeria. In view of the country’s dwindling economy amidst the current escalating herders-farmers’ conflict over resources for their respective economic activities, water security perspective contributes to our understanding of the roles that resource management can play in economic crisis than other commonly cited factors like income inequality, poor land use policies, ethnicity, and political instability. This paper argues that with Africa’s epileptic economy and increasing population in this climate change era, attainment of some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 is unrealistic. The study submits that there is the need for a paradigm shift in wastewater perception in Africa, south of the Sahara as this would reduce pressure on freshwater and fast-track sustainable development through increase in agricultural production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".