Testing efficacy of bird deterrents at wind turbine facilities: a pilot study in Nova Scotia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wind energy has become one of the fastest-growing renewable electricity sources globally, and this trend is expected to continue. However, wind turbines cause avian mortality when birds collide with these structures. Although regulatory agencies in many jurisdictions require post-construction bird mortality monitoring at turbine sites, resulting mortality estimates are often imprecise and under-reported. This uncertainty is often attributed to searcher inefficiencies or scavenger losses. Furthermore, data regarding the effectiveness of active bird mortality mitigation at these facilities are also lacking. This pilot study assessed mitigation effectiveness of visual and audio deterrents, using predator owl deterrent models and bioacoustic alarm and predator calls deployed at a wind turbine facility in Nova Scotia, Canada. These deterrents did not deter birds from wind turbines in statistically significant ways, in comparison to control sites. Whilst results were inconclusive, it would be prudent to continue assessing mitigative options to minimize impacts on birds, considering the expected growth of the wind energy sector in Canada.Keywords: Wind energy development; Wind turbines; Bird mortality monitoring; Bird deterrents; Bird mortality mitigation
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".