A Comparison of Multilevel "Zero Inductor-Voltage" Converters for Data Center Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Datacenter power architectures have improved over time, but the majority of the loss still occurs at the server power supply and board level voltage regulators. Google has proposed and implemented a 48 volt server architecture that can reduce their overall conversion losses by up to 30%, but to fully realize these benefits new technology is needed to converter 48 volts down to the point of load voltage levels. The Intermediate Bus Architecture is a very attractive option to bridge the gap between the 48 volt architecture of cutting edge servers, and the existing 12 volt architecture. The family of converters presented in this paper are intermediate bus converters that have demonstrated up to 990W/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> power density, and higher than 99% peak efficiency for 48V to 12V conversion. Compared with other cutting edge designs this family of converters achieves high power density and efficiency without the need for complex control, or a sensitive resonant based design. This is achieved through low reliance on magnetic components, without the drawbacks traditionally associated with switched capacitor topologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".