An improved projection of climate observations for detection and attribution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. An important goal of climate research is to determine the causal contribution of human activity to observed changes in the climate system. Methodologically speaking, most climatic causal studies to date have been formulating attribution as a linear regression inference problem. Under this formulation, the inference is often obtained by using the generalized least squares (GLS) estimator after projecting the data on the r leading eigenvectors of the covariance associated with internal variability, which are evaluated from numerical climate models. In this paper, we revisit the problem of obtaining a GLS estimator adapted to this particular situation, in which only the leading eigenvectors of the noise's covariance are assumed to be known. After noting that the eigenvectors associated with the lowest eigenvalues are in general more valuable for inference purposes, we introduce an alternative estimator. Our proposed estimator is shown to outperform the conventional estimator, when using a simulation test bed that represents the 20th century temperature evolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".