Bibliographic record
Abstract
The city of Antwerp, on the eve of the Protestant Reformation, was a thriving centre of commercial and cultural exchange. The opening of trade with English wool merchants, who had been boycotted in Brabant and Flanders, and the establishment of the annual fair had brought Antwerp economic prosperity.Merchants and wealthy bankers from the whole of Europe flocked to the city on the Scheldt, which by 1501 had gained the economic favour of the Portuguese crown and was awarded a monopoly on spice trade. The expanding wealth of Antwerp was matched by its demographic and cultural development; by the mid-sixteenth century, Antwerp’s population had risen to 100,000 and its markets were renowned for their splendid art.It was in this economic state of bliss that the Protestant Reformation took hold in Antwerp. Martin Luther (1483-1546) and his nailing of the “Ninety-Five Theses” on the doors of the castle church in Wittenberg (1517) ushered in an era of unprecedented religio-political strife in Antwerp and Europe. As the Catholic Church struggled to maintain the reins of power, Luther and other Reformers utilized increasingly modern techniques to popularize their religions, such as the printing of vernacular bibles and texts.The channels of international trade and commerce soon brought Protestantism into Antwerp, initiating sweeping religious changes within the city. The rise of the Reformation in Antwerp may be attributed to the city’s pre-existing tensions with the Catholic Church, as well as its prominence as a centre of printing and exchange. Following its rise, the Reformation transformed the societal landscape of Antwerp, as represented by changes in government and iconoclasm.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".