L'évolution du statut du magistrat entre 1918 et 1958 : la justice dans l'État, avant la justice dans l'État de droit
Bibliographic record
Abstract
La conception républicaine classique inscrit la Justice dans l'État, mission régalienne qui fait de la magistrature une fonction publique de nature particulière. La période 1918-1958 est marquée, dans les années trente comme à la Libération, par des projets d'émancipation de la magistrature vis-à-vis du politique sous des régimes parlementaires affaiblis par des affaires politico-financières, l'instabilité, puis les guerres de décolonisation. Si Vichy et la Libération ont instauré une justice d'exception, la création du CSM sous la IV e République a offert une opportunité d'émancipation des juges que l'appareil politico-administratif a neutralisée, avant que la Vème République ne rétablisse la prééminence d'un pouvoir exécutif fort exerçant sans partage ses prérogatives sur l'autorité judiciaire.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".