Time-Domain Analysis of APWM-Frequency Modulated Low-Q LLC Resonant Converter for Wide Input and Load Range Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel time-domain analysis of an LLC resonant converter employing a hybrid modulation technique for light load efficiency improvement is presented. The proposed technique is a combination of frequency modulation (FM) and asymmetrical pulse-width modulation (APWM) that allows a wide range of output voltage control with zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) of low quality-factor (Q) resonant circuit, with a narrow switching-frequency variation. This ensures optimized magnetics design which has a significant impact on light load efficiency. Two modes of operation are identified and analyzed using time-domain modelling. Characteristic curves for voltage gain, switch turn-off current and ZVS angle are presented and design issues are discussed. The proposed hybrid modulation scheme is demonstrated on an experimental LLC converter prototype of 200W, 380V output voltage with an input voltage range of 20-40V, typical of photovoltaic (PV) applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".