Di-butyl phthalate (DBP) augments allergen-induced lung function decline and alters lower airway innate immunology in crossover human study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phthalates are plastic softeners used in commercial products that become widespread environmental contaminants. Epidemiological studies suggest an association between phthalate exposure and respiratory diseases. DBP is found in high concentrations in indoor air. We hypothesize that DBP inhalation prior to allergen inhalation will affect lung function, recruitment and activation of immune cells in the lower airway. A controlled, double-blind, crossover study enrolled 16 allergen-sensitized participants. Recruitment was balanced for airway hyper-responsiveness status (AHR = methacholine provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) ≤ 16 mg/ml), allergen inhaled and exposure order. Participants were exposed to control air or DBP (120µg/m3) for 3 hours, followed by an inhaled allergen challenge. The area under the curve (AUC), measured as FEV1 % drop from baseline was calculated. A methacholine test was performed the following day. Bronchoalveolar lavage was acquired at 24 hours. Exposure to DBP augmented the AUC compared to control air (p=0.032). Non-AHR participants were the drivers of the DBP effect on the increased AUC (p=0.012), decreased methacholine PC20 (p=0.057) and decreased FEV1 20 hours post-exposure (p=0.018). Moreover, DBP exposure increased the recruitment of macrophages (p=0.05) and their expression of CD206 (p=0.05), a receptor that aids phagocytosis and antigen presentation. The presence of M2 macrophages increased (p=0.09) whereas M1 and Th1 cells decreased (p=0.08 and p=0.07) with DBP exposure. DBP exposure affects allergen-induced lung function, as well as recruitment and activation of lower airway immune cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".