Shallow and deep failure mechanisms during uplift and lateral dragging of buried pipes in sand
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents results of a series of experiments modelling uplift and lateral drag of a rigid pipe buried in dry sand. The main aim of these tests is to document the gradual transition from shallow to a deep sand failure mechanism as the pipe embedment depth increases, identify which parameters affect this transition, and determine experimentally the critical embedment depth, beyond which the normalized reaction acting on the pipe remains constant with increasing pipe embedment. Measurements of the reaction as a function of the relative sand–pipe movement and analysis of images captured during the tests with the particle image velocimetry method suggest that the critical embedment depth depends on sand density, but not on the direction of pipe movement. Outcomes of this study contribute to identifying the limits of applicability of simplified methods used to determine the peak reaction on pipes subjected to ground movements and the estimation of rational parameters for the analysis of deeply buried pipes with beam-on-nonlinear Winkler foundation models.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it