Late Miocene to Pliocene Tsunami Deposits in Tegal Buleud, South Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Java is a volcanic island arc formed by the northwards subduction of the Eurasian and Australian Plates. Due to this active subduction, Java has been frequently shocked by earthquakes, which might induce tsunami events. However, there are hardly any ancient geological records of tsunami events in the area. This study aims to determine the presence and to identify sedimentary characters of tsunami deposit in Tegal Buleud, South Sukabumi, West Java. In the study area, there were 4 tsunami layers which were found as thin intercalation within the claystone layer of the Bentang Formation. Those paleotsunami deposits characterized by the occurrence of irregular/disturbed structure such as siltstone rip up, clay clasts, and flame structure occur in normal graded bedding sandstone layer. The grain-size distributions show bimodal and multimodal patterns, with mixing of marine microfossils from inner and middle neritic. The planktonic foraminiferal assemblage indicates that the age of the sediment comparable to N19 (equivalent to Late Miocene - Early Pliocene, at about 5.33 – 3.6 Ma), suggested that these paleotsunami layers were deposited due to the Mio-Pliocene tectonic activity. All the paleotsunami deposits found in Study area are the first and oldest tsunami deposit recorded in Java even in Indonesia. With the discovery of the previously unexplored Late Miocene to Pliocene tsunami deposits found in the study area, the result of this study can be used as a reference for the identification of the Tertiary tsunami deposits present in other parts of Indonesia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".