The hydrogen atom: wave mechanics beyond Schroedinger; orbitals as algebraic formulae derived in all four coordinate systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chemists are aware of the solution of Schroedinger's equations for the hydrogen atom in only spherical polar coordinates, but the spatial variables are separable also in three other systems - - paraboloidal, ellipsoidal and spheroconical; we report here explicit algebraic solutions directly derived in ellipsoidal and spheroconical coordinates for the first time. Our solutions progress from those previously known in spherical polar but not entirely understood, through those little known in paraboloidal, to those in systems of ellipsoidal and spheroconical coordinates unknown before the present work. Applications of these solutions include angular momenta, a quantitative calculation of the discrete absorption spectrum and accurate plots of surfaces of amplitude functions. The shape of a surface of a particular amplitude function, and even the quantum numbers in a particular set to specify such an individual function, depend on a particular chosen system of coordinates, and are therefore artefacts of that coordinate representation within wave mechanics; a choice of a coordinate system to discuss atomic or molecular properties based on the shapes of amplitude functions or their respective quantum numbers is hence arbitrary
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".