Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fine and coarse particulate matter (PM), as measured, for example, in regulatory air pollution monitoring networks, contains biological entities such as fungal spores, pollen, animal dander, leaf wax, and human skin cells, to mention but a few types. Although these bioaerosols come in a wide range of particle size, of 14 common types nine fall into the 0– 10 µm range and four are in the 0– 2.5 µm range. These bioaerosols contribute to the concentrations of particulates determined by both filter-based and continuous instruments. This paper reviews bioaerosol research conducted worldwide in the last twenty years. Such studies have been conducted in Toronto, Canada, central Germany, Phoenix, Arizona, Davis, California, Dallas, Texas, and at many other sites worldwide. Notwithstanding the wide variety of climates, ecological systems, and urban and rural environments in which these measurements have been made, a reasonable, first-order estimate of the overall bioaerosol contribution to particles 2.5 microns and smaller (PM2.5) is 16.5% and to particles 10 microns and smaller (PM10) is 16.3%. A percentage contribution of this magnitude from unregulated emissions means that achieving PM standards will require greater reductions in the better understood anthropogenic and natural emissions of geological and combustion particles. In one such case the emission reductions necessary to achieve the standard increase from 25% (with bioaerosols ignored) to 36% (with bioaerosols accounted for). Although to the uninitiated this difference may not appear to be substantial, it can only be considered vast and nearly regulatorily impossible to those policy makers and regulators responsible for enacting emission-reduction regulations. Emissions of airborne biological materials are unregulated. Ignoring this natural component in attempting to achieve national ambient air quality standards for particulates can lead to overly optimistic predictions of attainment.Implications: For those officials still striving to meet federal air quality standards for particulate matter, either PM10 or PM2.5, it would be prudent to acknowledge the presence of unregulated bioaerosols. Ignoring this portion of PM may lead to over-optimistic projections of attainment.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".