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Record W2992097464

Hydropower development in India

2013· article· en· W2992097464 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
R.N. Misra, Deepak Nakhasi

Bibliographic record

VenueWater and Energy International · 2013
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicSouth Asian Studies and Conflicts
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsEconomic shortageNameplate capacityHydropowerChinaAgricultural economicsInvestment (military)EngineeringGeographyEnvironmental protectionElectricity generationPower (physics)EconomicsPolitical scienceArchaeologyGovernment (linguistics)Electrical engineering
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

India is one of few countries of the World which started hydro power development about a century ago almost simultaneously with the developed countries of the World. From a Hydro: Thermal mix of 45: 55 during late sixties, it has today landed to mind boggling proportion of 25: 75. Had we managed it at just reverse proportion of 75: 25 the average cost of generation would have been much less and there would have been no peaking shortage under the same MW installed under the same investment. China one hand has become second largest economy after US leaving behind India & Japan reaching largest hydro installed capacity in the world (2,20,000 MW) after commissioning world's largest hydro plant – three gorges (22,500 MW). Brazil on the other hand has surpassed a developed country like Canada in terms of GDP (2.31 against 1.39 trillion USD) not by higher installed power capacity (only 116 against 130 thousand MW in Canada) but by a higher Hydro content (84% against 61%). Further pumped storage schemes are now becoming more & more relevant with continuous peaking power deficits of 13% (in some parts running to 30%) and solar & wind facing a major challenge of its utilization 24x7. With the present rate of consumption, world is left with app. 200 yrs. of Coal, 75 yrs. of Nuclear resources, 50 yrs. of gas & 25 years of oil whereas hydropower is perennial sources of energy with least carbon foot prints.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.924
Threshold uncertainty score0.939

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.239
Teacher spread0.230 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2013
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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