Production, Characterization and Application of Monolithic Biocarbon for Water Desalination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Desalination is a process of removing salts from saline solutions to produce fresh water. Currently, the challenges of desalination technology are high energy consumption and material cost. This project suggests sustainable and affordable ways to purify water via evaporation process under sunlight or capacitive deionization using monolithic biocarbon. Biocarbon was produced from woody biomass during 60 hours of slow pyrolysis. After pyrolysis, the macrostructure of wood is preserved in the produced biocarbon. The morphology, chemical composition, permeability and electro capacitance of biocarbon was measured. The effect of biocarbon amount, biocarbon particle size range, light intensity, light distance, salt concentration, and wood orientation on evaporation rate was studied. The use of monolithic biocarbon increased the evaporation rate 8 times higher from saltwater. The permeability of biocarbon and evaporation rate in axial and radial orientation was significantly different. The measured capacitance of biocarbon was 113 F/g in 1 M NH_4Cl solution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".