82 Effect of by-product feed supplementation of a hay-based diet on rumen fermentation, diet digestibility, methane production and protozoal population in an artificial rumen (RUSITEC)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study investigated the effects of adding sunflower screenings, flax screenings and quinoa to a hay-based diet on ruminal fermentation, DM digestibility (DMD) and enteric methane (CH4) production in an artificial rumen system (RUSITEC). The experiment was a RCBD with 4 treatments assigned to 16 fermentation vessels (n = 4/treatment) in 2 RUSITEC apparatuses. The control diet was 100% hay, with treatments consisting of sunflower screenings, flax screenings and quinoa dockage at inclusion rates of 1.10, 1.38, and 1.59 g DM, respectively. The study period was 15 d, with an 8-d adaptation and 7-d sample collection period. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatment, day of sampling and their interaction as fixed effects. Compared to control, the addition of sunflower screenings decreased (P = 0.020) CH4produced per g of DM digested (10.43 vs. 7.88 mg/g DMD). Inclusion of sunflower screenings reduced (P < 0.01) DMD (67.6 vs. 57.8 %) and the number of protozoa (2.2x104vs. 1x103ml) compared to the control. The addition of flax screenings versus the control diet increased (P = 0.001) CH4produced per g of DMD (10.43 vs. 15.05 mg/g). However, inclusion of flax screenings resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in DMD and number of protozoa compared to the control (1.07x103vs. 2.2x104ml, 64.33 vs. 67.64 %, respectively). The addition of flax screenings decreased DMD (P = 0.04). Quinoa inclusion had no effect on DMD or protozoa count, while CH4production increased (P = 0.0003) compared to the control (15.15 vs 10.43 mg/g DMD). Disappearance of NDF did not differ between treatments (P = 0.72). Inclusion of sunflower screenings and quinoa did not affect molar proportions of propionate or and butyrate, while decreased (P < 0.05) by adding flax screenings. In conclusion, the addition of sunflower screenings provided the greatest potential to reduce CH4 emissions associated with supplemented hay-based diets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".