Bibliographic record
Abstract
A rail yard is comprised of many noise sources. Unlike a highway a rail yard does not generally emit a constant hum but rather produces separate and distinct sounds. A rail yard can have extended periods of time where no activity and consequently no sounds are evident. In the case of a complaint a rail yard is not subject to provincial noise guidelines nor to any municipal noise by-laws. In fact, most noise by-laws provide exemptions for the railways. Rail yards are federally regulated by the Canadian Transportation Act, which is administered by the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA). While the CTA can and does enforce the act, the rail activities of the rail operators are not regulated by specific numerical limits. Rail operators are permitted to expand their activities within their boundaries without requiring any approvals. Despite this seemingly “untouchable” existence, rail yard activities are the subject of complaints and as a result of this the CTA has imposed restrictions on rail activities on a case by case basis. In the case of existing residences adjacent to rail yards, often the only mitigation is relocation of the activities and/or curtailment of the activities. Due to the nature of the operation it is often very difficult (if not impossible) and costly to curtail and/or alter the rail operations. For this reason permitting new residential development adjacent to rail yards is short sighted and may result in catastrophic consequences. As a result of many hours of sound level measurements made within rail yards and at adjacent receptors and observations of rail yard activities, we have gained a better understanding of the nature of rail yards as well as the sound levels associated with each of the activities. Understanding the operations that take place within a rail yard is important to assisting the planners, engineers and municipalities in developing comprehensive plans that do not expose residential receptors to the wide range of noises and do not expose the railways to controls that are not always practicable nor feasible. The discussion that follows provides a brief description of each of the sources, provides the sound levels of the different types of activities that take place within a rail yard and explores some mitigation options.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.035 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".