Deviant cortical sulcation related to schizophrenia, but not cognitive deficits, likely predate brain development in the second trimester
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives Aberrant cortical development, inferred from cortical folding measures, is linked to the risk of schizophrenia. Cortical folds develop in a time-locked fashion during fetal growth. We leveraged this temporal specificity of sulcation to investigate the approximate timing of the prenatal insult linked to schizophrenia as well as the cognitive impairment seen in this illness. Methods Anatomical T1 MRI scans from a publicly available dataset of 68 patients with schizophrenia and 72 controls were used to evaluate the sulcal depth. 5 major primary sulci that are invariable, representing lobar development (calcarine sulcus, superior temporal sulcus, superior frontal sulcus, intraparietal sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus) with formation representing distinct developmental periods were chosen. Sulcal depth was measured using BrainVISA software. Results A repeated measure Analysis of Variance with 5 sulci and 2 hemispheres as within-subject factors and gender, age and intracranial volume as covariates revealed a significant effect of diagnosis (F[1,134]=14.8, p=0.0002). Control subjects had had deeper superior temporal (left t=3.2, p=0.002; right t=2.8, p=0.006), right inferior frontal (t=2.7, p=0.007) and left calcarine (t=2.2, p=0.03) sulci. A deeper superior frontal sulcus predicted better overall cognitive scores (F[1,54]=8.7, p=0.005) among patients. Conclusion Our results suggest that the gestational cortical disruption underlying schizophrenia is likely to predate, if not, coincide with the appearance of calcarine sulcus (early 2 nd trimester) and affects frontal, temporal and occipital lobes. Nevertheless, the burden of cognitive deficits may relate specifically to aberrant superior frontal development occurring in late 2 nd trimester.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".