Iranian Candidates' Attitudes toward TOEFL iBT
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Test of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) stands as an important criterion for admission, scholarship and graduation decisions to colleges and universities in the United States, England, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and some other countries. Since 2005, the Internet based form of the TOEFL test has gained popularity across the world, and test takers from various countries take this test online. This study aimed at investigating the attitudes of Iranian candidates towards the Internet-based TOEFL. For this reason, an attitude questionnaire was distributed among 56 Iranian examinees who had taken this test in Iran. The questionnaire was validated in a pilot study to ensure its reliability and validity. Almost 22 days after taking the test, the candidates' test scores were announced and collected through their e-mails by the researcher. To find out the relationship between the participants' test scores and their attitude toward different sections of the test, the Pearson correlation coefficient was conducted. The obtained results showed that there was only a relationship between the candidates' overall attitude toward the test and their test scores.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".