High Allelopathic Activity of Carotenoid-accumulating Callus of a Halophilic Mangrove Plant, Avicennia alba: Protoplast Co-culture Method with Digital Image Analysis
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A yellow callus strain was established from hypocotyls of a halophilic mangrove plant, Avicennia alba, by subculture in the dark. Allelopathic activities of yellow A. alba callus were assayed using recipient lettuce protoplasts at three growth stages by the protoplast co-culture method with digital image analysis. The protoplast cultures of yellow A. alba callus were halophilic to NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2 (up to 200 mM) but not to CaCl2. By contrast, NaCl and KCl inhibited the growth of non-salt-tolerant lettuce protoplasts, while CaCl2 and MgCl2 stimulated their growth at low concentrations. Highly salt-tolerant or halophilic mangrove plant cells were expected to have low allelopathic activity, but the protoplasts of yellow A. alba callus had very strong allelopathic activity. The inhibition was strongest at the cell division stage with growth being inhibited to 50% and 9% of the control by 104 mL-1 and 5 × 104 mL-1 of A. alba, respectively. There was less inhibition at the yellow pigment accumulation stage of lettuce. Stimulation was observed at the early cell wall formation stage with up to 105 mL-1 of A. alba. The yellow pigment of yellow A. alba callus was extracted with hexane and its absorption spectrum showed the wavelength peaks of a carotenoid, neoxanthin. Using transmission electron microscopy, specific electron-dense structures were found in yellow A. alba callus, which were similar to the undeveloped ultrastructure of a carotenoid. A carotenoid was strongly suggested to be the putative allelochemical in yellow callus of A. alba.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it